Post answers to the following questions from Ch. 30 RGs:
Kat – pt. 1 #1 & pt. 2 #5
Eddie – pt. 1# 2 & pt. 2 #4
Nathan – pt. 1# 3 & pt. 2 #3
Billy – pt. 1#4 & pt. 2 #2
Jack – pt. 1 #5 & pt. 2 #1
Cayce – pt. 1# 6 & pt. 2 #4
Michael – pt. 1#3 & pt. 2 #5
Tommy – pt. 1 #1 & pt. 2 #2
Maddie – pt. 1 #4 & pt. 2 #3
Eric – pt. 1 #6 & pt. 2 #1
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Part 1 #3
Italy (Fascist)
The new policies combined roman catholic social traditionalism with goals of national expansion. But dominating all fascist policy toward women was a desire to expand the size of the Italian population for national aggrandizement. Have more children and remain in the home to rear them for the good of the Italian state. Maternity leaves, insurance, subsidies to large families, and the dessimination of information about sound child rearing practices were instituted. Also outlawed contraception and abortion and discouraging the publication of information about sexuality and reproduction made it more difficult for women to limit the size of their family. Overall: a duty to rear their children for the good of the state. Government agencies provided modest benefits to mothers and children. 25% of Italian workforce was women despite discouraging women from participating. 1938: The government forbade both government and private offices from having more than 10% women employees. Women's participation in workforce was part-time and low-skilled.
Germany (NAZI)
Women as wives and mothers first and foremost. Natural seperate social spheres for women and men. Nazi ideology emphasized motherhood but in 1930 the party vowed to protect the jobs of working women so the # of women working in Germany rose steadily under the Nazi regime. Urged agriculture labor, teaching, nursing, social service, and domestic service... educators of the young, protectors of cultural values. Women were to support German owned shops, buy German made goods and boycott Jewish merchants. Less interested in expanding the population as a whole than producing a population of racially pure Germans. Favored motherhood only for those of its adherents fit for motherhood and sterilized undesirables. To support motherhood among those that they believed should have children, the Nazis porvided loans to encourage early marriage and tax breaks for families with children and child allowances.
1/1 • One, Militarization increased the power of governments and the resources they could claim through taxation and borrowing for military preparedness.
• A mobilization for war more complete and extensive because of the technologies were available disrupted and changed the social role of large groups of Europeans, especially women.
• Second factor, various and sharply differing political ideologies of communist, fascist, national socialist, democratic socialist, and democratic welfare states assumed that the central state should pursue social and economic policies that directly shaped the lives and social expectations of individual citizens and their families. The political outlooks associated with democratic socialism and welfare legislation were essentially reformist in their appeal to state intervention.
2/2
What New Patterns emerged in the Work and expectations of women?
• Increased life expectancy of women.
• Age at which women have decided to bear children rose.
• Women have freer control of their life(because of ability to actually make decisions and longer life) and may decide whether or not to have children or develop their careers.
• By 1990s, abortion was legal throughout Western Europe(except Ireland)
Part 1 #5
• Polish Jews were more religiously observant than other Jewish communities throughout Europe
• Continued to dress traditionally and their food was different which set them far apart from the rest of Europe
• No particular area that Jews lived in Poland, but they started to gradually take over and have their own cities or neighborhoods in a city
• Most Polish Jews were urban dwellers
o Therefore their religion, language, dress, and place of residence distinguished them from the rest of Europe
• During the ‘20s only about one third of the Jewish population was employed
• Most Jews tended to be self employed merchants, peddlers, or craftspeople
o Textile, clothing, and paper were considered Jewish trades, since a majority of Jews found employment here
• All these made the Jews very vulnerable when the GD hit
• The “final solution” was the extermination of all Jews throughout Europe
Part 2 #1
• Before World War II there were two basic models of social legislation
o German
o British
• Both thought that workers should be insured against the risks arising from disease, injury on the job and old age
• After World War II the concept emerged that insurance should be every citizens right
• The first to create a welfare state was Great Britain
o Creation of the Nation Health Service
• Soon, during the Cold War, communist nations started promising their citizens very protective welfare and democratic nations struggled to do the same
Part 1, #6
-WWII:
+cities in Germany and central Europe bombed
+Changes in borders->minorities driven to ethnic homelands
External Migration:
+economies would not provide adequate employment for citizens
+Decolonization, more Europeans return to Europe+bring back immigrants from colonies
+leads to long term tension and conflict
Internal Migration/Econ Growth:
+desire to live and have a better life in a free society
+economic growth in western Europe-expanding job markets with good wages/benefits/subsidization from the state
+collapse of the communists governments in Eastern Europe
Part 2, # 1
Pre WWII era:
+Bismarck-some social security while denying political participation
+GB-all classes have access to political system and welfare directed towards poor
+In both-workers have access to insurance against disease, injury, and old age. Assumed to be a short term problem
Post WWII:
+Beveridge and GB-universal welfare to all citizens, does not seem like a redistribution of income. Atlee creates National Health Service
+Germany and France follow suit
+Communist states promise people enormous social security and employment
+All founded on government involvement in a mixed economy (Keynesian), assume a growing population and low unemployment.
+Leveling off of population growth in Europe imperils expected benefits-fewer people in current generation to support the elderly population (SOUND FAMILIAR?)
Chapter 30
Part 1 #4
The Social Experience of Stalinism
• Emphasis on building for the future and creating a “Soviet Man” and “Soviet Woman” were a fundamental feature of 20th century Soviet culture
• Collectivization of farming, rapid industrialization, and other purges touched every part of Soviet Society in the 1930s
1. The Social Experience of Collectivism
• During the 20s the NEP led to a considerable amount of small commerce
- Entrepreneurial farmers were encouraged to work hard to expand urban food supply
• Situation transformed when Stalin, in 1929, decided to collectivize Soviet agriculture
- This turned successful farmers of the earlier 1920s into Kulaks, which Stalin declared must be destroyed as a class.
- More than million people from Kulak households were transported to Russian prison camps. (Dekularization)
- No one came to aid of Kulaks.
2. The Attack on Religion
• Communist party that targeted Kulaks also went after Russian Orthodox Priests
• Soviet Communist Party had always opposed Religion
3. Life on the Collective Farm
Pt 1 #1: First, the militarization of Europe that began before WWI and persisted through the Cold War turned Europe into an armed camp for the entire century. This climate increases the power of governments and the resources they can claim through taxation and borrowing for military preparedness. The mobilization for war disrupted social role of Europeans. Also, the fear of another war meant that defense spending in both large and small nations diverted enormous resources from other purposes, which impose limitations on what people can achieve. Second, the various and sharply differing political ideologies (i.e. communist, fascist, national socialist, democratic socialist, and democratic welfare states) assumed that the central state should pursue social and economic policies that directly shaped the lives and expectations of citizens. State was to provide the kinds of remedial aid that would supplement the free functioning of the marketplace, and employers. They favored such remedial policies to prevent more radically expansive social agendas from being implemented. Visions associated with communism, fascism, and national socialism called for total transformations, such as mass migrations of people from the country. This vision of a radically transformed society is more possible now because of new technologies with their capacity for improving health, expanding industrial production, providing better food, and generating more rapid transportation and communication.
Pt 2 # 5
Liberal theologians of the nineteenth century softened the concept of sin and portrayed human nature as close the divine. World War I destroyed that optimistic faith. In 1919, Karl Barth published A commentary of the Epistle to the Romans, which reemphasized the transcendence of God and the dependence of humankind on the divine. It is believed that the extreme moments of life, described by Kierkegaard, provided the basis for a real knowledge of humankinds need for God. Kierkegaard thought that the truth of Christianity could only be grasped in the living experience of those who face extreme human situations, say war. This view challenged 19th C writing on human nature. This theology is known as neo-Orthodoxy, and it proved influential throughout the West in the wake of new disasters. Liberal Theology, associated with Paul Tillich. He regarded religion as a human, rather than a divine phenomenon. Whereas Barth saw God as dwelling outside humankind, Tillich believed that evidence of the divine had to be sought in human nature and culture.
Vatican II- Pope John XXIII initiated reform in the RCC. In 1959, he summoned the Twenty-first Ecumenical Council, which is called the Vatican II. It finished in 1965 under Pope Paul VI. The council required that mass be celebrated in the vernacular languages rather than Latin. It permitted freer relations with other Christian denominations, fostered a new spirit toward Judaism, and gave more power to bishops. He appointed several cardinals from former colonial nations, transforming the church into a truly world body. However, the council did firmly uphold the celibacy of the priests, maintained the prohibition on contraception, and opposed moves to open the priesthood to women (.)
Pt. 1
6. What were the causes and effects of the Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples?
The Twentieth-Century Movement of peoples was the displacement of people on an enormous scale, nearly 46 million people in central and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union between 1938 and 1948. The primary cause of the displacement was the war. Hundreds of thousands of people moved willingly in order to join the war effort or more often, unwillingly as prisoners. Changes in borders during the war also resulted in the movement of millions. Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, for example, brutally and forcibly expelled millions of Germans from their territories, sending them back to Germany. This helped to solve the problem of German minorities living outside Germany’s national boundaries that had been Hitler’s excuse for aggression toward other countries. Thousands of Polish citizens were moved as the Soviet Union annexed parts of Poland. Europeans also left Europe. Approximately 500,000 left each year from 1945 to 1960. Some also left because of government encouragement, as the economies couldn’t provide employment for all of the citizens. There was a massive decolonization as well, that resulted in people returning to Europe from overseas. This resulted in racial tension. After the war, there was a large movement of peoples from Western Europe to Eastern, in search of freedom. People moved out of their home countries in search of work. Migrants were later resented as economies slowed down.
Pt. 2
4. Describe the Americanization of Europe.
Europe, particularly the west, became “Americanized” through the Marshall Plan, leadership of NATO, the stationing of hundreds of thousands of military personnel, student exchange and tourism. The term refers to economic and military influence, as well as cultural influence. American financial institutions, corporations, fast-food chains, distilleries, clothing styles and supermarkets and shopping centers have infiltrated Europe. American goods and television are readily available to European consumers. English is also emerging as the most common language of technology, business and some academic fields, spread by America rather than Britain. One of the most pervasive examples of Americanization is rock music, which dominates most of the continent.
Marxism
during the 1930s many people across the Continent saw communism as a vehicle for protecting humane and even liberal values
four events were crucial to the intellectuals’ disillusionment with communism: great public purge trails of the late 1930s, the Spanish Civil War, the Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939, and the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956
this disillusionment with the Soviet Union or Stalin didn’t always mean disillusionment with Marxism; some writers and socials critics looked to the establishment of alternative communist governments based on non-Soviet models
another way to accommodate Marxism within mid-20th century European thought was to redefine the basic message of Marx himself
during the 1930s, many of Marx’s essays written before the Communist Manifesto were published posthumously, and they were abstract and philosophical
they make the “young Marx” appear to belong more nearly to the humanist than to the revolutionary tradition of European thought and allowed some people to consider themselves sympathetic to Marxism without also seeing themselves as revolutionaries or supporters of the Soviet Union
Existentialism
Nietzsche and Kierkegaard were major forerunners of existentialism
Kierkegaard rebelled the Lutheran Christianity of his native Denmark, maintaining that the truth of Christianity couldn’t be contained in creeds, doctrines, and church organizations; it could be grasped only in the living experience of those who faced extreme human situations
he also criticized Hegelian philosophy and, by implication, all modes of academic rational philosophy; its failure, he felt, was the attempt to contain all of life and human experience within abstract categories
the intellectual and ethical crisis of WWI brought Kierkegaard’s thought to the fore and also created new interest in Nietzsche’s critique of reason
the war led many people to doubt whether man was actually in control of his own destiny
its destructiveness challenged faith in human rationality and improvement
the pride in rational human achievement that had characterized much of 19th c. Europe lay in ruins
existentialist thought thrived in this climate and was bolstered by the trauma of WWII
existentialist writers questioned the primacy of reason and scientific understanding as ways of coming to grips with the human situation
they were largely protesting against a world in which reason, technology, and politics produced only war and genocide
their thought reflected the uncertainty of social institutions and ethical values in the era of the two world wars
since the 1950s, their works and ideas have been incorporated into university curriculums, making them objects of study, if not the source of intellectual ferment they had been
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